Bloom’s Taxonomy is a widely used educational framework that categorizes different levels of learning objectives.
Developed by Benjamin Bloom in the 1950s, it provides a structured approach to setting clear outcome-based learning goals and designing effective instructional strategies.
The taxonomy comprises six levels, from basic knowledge to higher-order thinking skills.
This guide explores each level and provides examples to help you better understand and apply Bloom’s Taxonomy in educational settings.
1. Knowledge
At the foundational level, knowledge involves recalling facts, information, and concepts. Learners at this stage are expected to remember or recognize previously learned material. This level lays the groundwork for higher cognitive skills.
Verbs associated with Knowledge level: Define, list, recall, identify, name, state, label, match, choose, recognize, underline.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Define Newton’s First Law of Motion.
- List the countries in South America.
- Recall the steps of photosynthesis.
2. Comprehension
At the comprehension level, learners demonstrate their understanding of the information they have acquired. This includes the ability to explain ideas, interpret data, and summarize concepts in their own words. We frequently hear this from clients looking for leadership skills training courses.
Verbs associated with Comprehension level: Summarize, explain, paraphrase, describe, compare, contrast, interpret, discuss, estimate, generalize.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Explain the central theme of a novel in your own words.
- Summarize the critical events of a historical event.
- Discuss the implications of a scientific theory.
3. Application
The application involves using learned information in new and practical situations. Learners at this level apply their knowledge to solve problems, complete tasks, or perform specific actions.
Verbs associated with Application level: Solve, apply, demonstrate, use, illustrate, compute, operate, build, interpret, show, employ.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Solve a set of mathematical problems using the Pythagorean theorem.
- Apply principles of marketing to create an advertising campaign.
- Demonstrate how to assemble a mechanical device.
4. Analysis
The analysis level requires learners to break down complex concepts or ideas into smaller components and understand their relationships. It involves examining the parts and understanding how they contribute to the whole.
Verbs associated with Analysis level: Analyze, compare, contrast, differentiate, categorize, examine, infer, investigate, deconstruct, and identify patterns.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Analyze the causes and effects of a historical event.
- Compare and contrast different art movements in history.
- Identify patterns in a dataset and conclude.
5. Synthesis
Synthesis involves creating something new by combining elements in innovative ways. At this level, learners use their knowledge and skills to generate unique solutions, designs, or ideas.
Verbs associated with Synthesis level: Create, design, invent, compose, propose, generate, formulate, develop, combine, construct.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Create a business plan for a new startup.
- Design an original piece of artwork inspired by a famous artist.
- Develop a new hypothesis based on existing research.
6. Evaluation
The highest level of Bloom’s Taxonomy is evaluation, which requires learners to make judgments, assess the value of ideas, and defend their opinions with supporting evidence. This level emphasizes critical thinking and reflective judgment.
Verbs associated with Evaluation level: Evaluate, judge, assess, critique, justify, argue, prioritize, defend, support, recommend.
Example Learning Objectives:
- Evaluate the effectiveness of a government policy.
- Judge the quality and accuracy of different sources of information.
- Justify your stance on a controversial ethical issue.
Applying Bloom’s Taxonomy:
When designing learning activities and assessments, it’s essential to consider the cognitive level you want to target.
By aligning your objectives with the appropriate level of Bloom’s Taxonomy for instructional designers, you can create a more balanced and comprehensive learning experience for your students.
Start with lower levels to build a solid foundation, then gradually progress to higher-order thinking skills for deeper understanding and critical thinking.
Remember that learners may move back and forth between the different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy and learner engagement with the material and deepen their understanding.
Please encourage students to explore, question, and apply their knowledge to real-world scenarios, which will foster a richer and more meaningful learning experience.
With 30+ years of experience, Catherine Fitzgerald, B.A., M.A., PGDip, founded Oak Innovation in 1995. Catherine received her Bachelor’s degree and Master’s from University College Cork. She holds qualifications in Professional Development And Training from University College Galway. She is completing a second Master’s from University College Cork. Since 1995, clients include Apple, Time Warner, and Harvard University.
